Types of Chemical Bonding Molecules are made of atomic building blocks, and these atoms are bonded into compounds by two main methods, covalent and ionic. In covalent bonding, the atoms share an electron, while in ionic bonding, the compounds stay together in solid form due to their atomic constituents having an electrical charge. An example […]
Articles Tagged: pH
The Carbonate System
In natural waters, the carbonate system refers to many factors pertaining to acids and bases, including buffers, total alkalinity, pH and certain metals (especially calcium and magnesium). All of these are interrelated when it comes to water quality. We call this the carbonate system because these acids, bases and other ions originate from carbon dioxide […]
Water Quality Standards
Water (H2O) is comprised of one oxygen and two hydrogen molecules, and the bonds between and among them lead it to be a unique and fascinating biological molecule. As we know, depending on the coffee beverage (espresso versus drip-based) water can contribute 94-98% of the ‘coffee’ beverage as we consume it (Illy and Viani 2005). […]
Coffee Acidity
One of the most misused and misunderstood sensory terms in evaluating coffee’s taste is acidity. It is a quantitative term that refers to the relative strength of the acids present in the coffee. And though the terms acidy and acidity are related, the two are not interchangeable. Acid is a chemical compound that contains hydrogen […]